--12--DEDUCTIVE REASONING :HOW DO I REASON FROM PREMISES?

 How Do I Reason From Premises?

 About Deductive Reasoning 

  

  Deduct is from the Latin  deducere to lead away.In deductive reasoning we infer or lead away from a general  principle in order to apply that principle to a specific instance .

  

 The  Basic Vocabulary Of Logic 

 

1.   Argument : is a set of claims in the form of reasoning  offered to support a conclusion 
2.   Reasoning; is to draw conclusions ,judgments  or inferences from facts or premises  .
3.   Syllogism   : is a standardized form that makes the structure of a deductive argument visible 
4.   Premises    :  are the claims made in an argument  that provide the reasons for believing in the conclusion 
5.   Validity     :The standard used for testing reliability  are based on some specific rules that determine an argument's validity and soundness.
6.  Soundness  : Standarts for judging argument refer not only to correct reasoning but also to the truth of the premises.

 Standardized Forms In Syllogisms 

    Syllogisms have been discussed as a standardized form that makes the structure of a deductive visible .A syllogism  presents claims concerning a relationship between the terms given in the premises and those in the conclusion .

 

What  Syllogisms Do

1. To clarify the claims of the premises ;
2. To discover and expose any hidden  premises ;
3. To find out if  one thought follows logically from another .

The Interplay Of Inductive And Deductive Reasoning 

  Inductive and deductive thinking are not isolated modes .They interweave in our minds constantly 

throughout the day as we confront  both serious problems such as environmental  degradation and mundane ones such as daily transportation .